Bob Hawke

Hawke's union leadership

Hawke returned to Australia in 1956 to undertake doctoral studies at the Australian National University. He did not complete his degree, but instead accepted a position as research officer and advocate with the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) in 1958.

Hawke then unsuccessfully stood as the Australian Labor Party candidate against Hubert Opperman, Liberal Minister for Immigration, in the seat of Corio, Victoria, at the 1963 general election.

After rising through the ranks of the ACTU, Hawke served as its president from 1970 to 1980. He took on a high public profile and acquired a reputation as an excellent conciliator, effectively resolving many national industrial disputes.

He was a member of many national bodies during the 1970s, including: the Immigration Planning Council and the Immigration Advisory Council from 1970 to 1980; the Reserve Bank Board from 1973 to 1980; the Australian Council for Union Training from 1975 to 1980, the Australian Population and Immigration Council from 1976 to 1980; the Australian Refugee Advisory Council from 1979 to 1980, and the International Labour Organisation Governing Body from 1972 to 1980. He was national president of Labor from 1973 to 1978. In 1979 he delivered the ABC Boyer lecture on the topic ‘Resolution of Conflict’.

Prime Minister Bob Hawke

Hawke brought Labor back into government at the general election on 5 March 1983, gaining a 15-seat majority over the Liberal–National coalition in the House of Representatives. Labor also held 30 Senate seats, compared to the 28 coalition, five Democrats and one Independent.

Concerned with the divisiveness of recent events, Hawke’s first major step as Prime Minister was to conduct an ‘Economic Summit’ meeting in Canberra on 11–14 April 1983. Present were political parties and union and employer organisations.

The idea was to attempt a national consensus on economic policy. The ‘Wages Accord’ with unions, a by-product of the Economic Summit, became a major part of government economic policy.

The Hawke government also floated the Australian dollar on international money markets and allowed the operation of foreign-owned banks as first steps towards deregulating the national economy.

In 1983 the Hawke government used its powers under World Heritage legislation to prevent the Tasmanian government from building the Gordon-below-Franklin dam in Tasmania.

The Labor government led by Hawke was returned to office at an election on 1 December 1984, with a reduced majority.

Shake-ups to education under Hawke

Under Hawke’s leadership, changes to Australia’s education and training system began in 1984 and continued over the following years.

Changes included: amalgamations of smaller tertiary training institutions; creation of new universities from former Colleges of Advanced Education; the setting of national curriculum standards for schools; upgrading of the Technical and Further Education (TAFE) sector; and the establishment of national training and qualification standards.

Despite loss of popularity as measured by opinion polls, Hawke took Labor to a record third term in office at the general election on 8 July 1987.

Disunity in the Liberal–National Party Opposition was a key factor in the government’s success at this election. The ‘Joh for Canberra’ campaign to have Queensland Premier Johannes Bjelke-Petersen brought into federal parliament seriously weakened the campaign of Coalition Leader John Howard.

Hawke and Treasurer Paul John Keating were criticised for having ‘hijacked’ Labor, moving it away from its traditional working-class base and from its previous socialist philosophy.

At the same time, Labor’s continued electoral success was due largely to Hawke’s – and later Keating’s – achievement in moving the party to the ‘middle ground’, where it attracted voters who previously supported the Liberal–National Party coalition.

Celebrations and challenges for Hawke

As Prime Minister, Hawke travelled widely in the Pacific, Asia, Europe and North America, and was host to many international delegations visiting Australia. He also arranged the celebration of the Bicentenary of the First Fleet and European settlement in Australia with a year-long series of events conducted in all states and territories in 1988.

Although Hawke took Labor to a record fourth term in office at the general election in March 1990, uncertainty grew within the parliamentary party over his ability to win another election during a period of recession.

In 1990 to 1991 the Australian economy slid into recession, and unemployment reached 11 per cent in 1992 – the highest level since the Great Depression of the early 1930s.

Anxiety led to Hawke’s removal as ALP leader on 20 December 1991, when Keating made a second and successful challenge to his leadership. Hawke immediately resigned the prime ministership, which Keating then assumed.

Hawke's life beyond politics

Hawke resigned from parliament soon after quitting as Prime Minister. He entered TV journalism, interviewing international political figures for the Channel 9 network. He subsequently pursued diverse business interests, and in 1994 published his political memoirs, The Hawke Memoirs.

Bob and Hazel Hawke’s marriage ended after he left parliament. In 1995 he married the author Blanche D’Alpuget.

Legislation passed under Hawke

An increasingly heavy legislative program was continued by the Hawke governments. Several Acts of parliament of importance in Australian political life over many decades were nearing the end of their useful life and needed to be completely redrafted to reflect changing legislative requirements. These new acts included:

• The Industrial Relations Act 1988, replacing the Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904.
• The Social Security Act 1991, which replaced the Social Security Act 1947.

Other legislation included:

• The World Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1983 which brought state territory listed as heritage areas within the control of the Commonwealth through the use of the external affairs power in the Constitution.
• The Sex Discrimination Act 1984 which outlawed sex discrimination in the workforce.
• The Australia Act 1985 which finally ended residual control theoretically exercised by the British Government in regard to certain state functions.
• The Privacy Act 1988 which provided for safeguards over the use of information held about people in data banks and other information storage systems.
• The Hawke government also took an important step in legislating for Australia’s Indigenous peoples through the passage of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission Act 1989, which established the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) as the peak national policy and administrative agency for the Indigenous peoples. This Act combined in ATSIC the functions of the former Commonwealth Department of Aboriginal Affairs and Aboriginal Development Commission.
• The Australian Postal Corporation Act 1989 was an example of legislation giving wide ranging entrepreneurial powers to government business enterprises, subject to some legislative safeguards.